Full end notes and references from Circles of Compassion: Connecting Issues of Justice (2014). Partial adapted excerpt of printed chapter for our Global Hunger web page.
- The term “meat” is sometimes used as a shorthand for animal-derived foods: meat, dairy, and eggs.
- Delgado, Christopher et al, “Livestock to 2020: The Next Food Revolution.” International Food Policy Research Institute, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, and International Livestock Research Institute, 1999. www.ifpri.org/publication/livestock-2020
- Ibid., p. 65.
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, “The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2013: The multiple dimensions of food security.” 2013, p. 8. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, “The State of Food Insecurity 2012: Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition.” 2012, p. 55. www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3027e/i3027e.pdf
- Enough Food for Everyone IF, “The Need for UK Action on Global Hunger.” January 23, 2013, p.6. www.enoughfoodif.org/sites/default/files/IF_policy_report.PDF
- Compassion in World Farming, “Strategic Plan 2013-2017: For Kinder, Fairer Farming Worldwide.” 2013, p. 3. www.ciwf.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2013/c/ciwf_strategic_plan_20132017.pdf
- Steinfeld, Henning et al, “Livestock’s Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options.” Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the Livestock Environment and Development Initiative, November 2006, p. XX. http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0701e/a0701e00.HTM
- Fish Feel, “Overview,” accessed 2014. www.fishfeel.org
- The Humane Society of the United States, “Farm Animal Statistics Slaughter Total for 2013,” accessed 2014. http://www.humanesociety.org/news/resources/research/stats_slaughter_totals.html
- Lappé, Frances Moore et al, “How We Count Hunger Matters.” Ethics & International Affairs. Cambridge University Press, July 9, 2013, p. 3. www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2013/how-we-count-hunger-matters
- Arendt, Hannah, Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. The Viking Press, 1963.
- Adams, Carol, The Sexual Politics of Meat: A Feminist-Vegetarian Critical Theory. Continuum Press, 1990, p. 46.
- The Humane Society of the United States, “The Welfare of Cows in the Dairy Industry,” accessed 2014. http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/hsus-the-welfare-of-cows-in-the-dairy-industry.pdf
- The Humane Society of the United States, “The Welfare of Breeding Sows,” accessed 2014. http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/welfare_breeding_sows.pdf
- The Humane Society of the United States, “The Welfare of Animals in the Egg Industry,” accessed 2014. http://www.humanesociety.org/assets/pdfs/farm/welfare_egg.pdf
- Ibid.
- Farm Forward, “Factory Farming,” accessed 2014. www.farmforward.com/farming-forward/factory-farming
- Humane Facts, “Labels and Loopholes.” accessed 2014. www.humanefacts.org/labels-loopholes
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, “Management of Waste from Animal Product Processing,” accessed 2014. http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/lead/x6114e/x6114e04.htm
- The focus here is on grain-fed animals as they represent the overwhelming majority of animal agriculture, especially in high-income countries. Grass-fed animals pose other threats related land use, deforestation, and greenhouse gases, which are beyond the scope of this essay.
- Humane Society International, “The Impact of Industrialized Animal Agriculture on World Hunger.” 2009, p. 3. http://www.hsi.org/assets/pdfs/hsi-fa-white-papers/the_impact_of_industrial_farm.pdf
- Rueter, Ryan, “Supplement Conversion Ratio.” Beef Magazine, November 3, 2009. www.beefmagazine.com/nutrition/1104-supplement-conversion-ratio
- Pimentel, David, “Livestock Production: Energy Inputs and the Environment.” Food, Energy, and Society: Third Edition. Taylor and Francis Group, 2008, p. 68.
- Cassidy, Emily et al, “Redefining Agricultural Yields: From Tonnes to People Nourished Per Hectare.” Environmental Research Letters, V. 8(3), IOPScience, September 2013, p. 1. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/3/034015
- Searchinger, Tim et al, “Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A menu of solutions to sustainably feed more than 9 billion people by 2050.” World Resources Institute, United Nations, and World Bank, December 2013, p. V. www.wri.org/sites/default/files/WRI13_Report_4c_WRR_online.pdf
- This basic explanation of supply and demand principle holds constant a wide range of context-dependent factors that affect the overall price to greater or lesser degrees. Also note, food cost is more relevant to increasing urban populations than rural communities.
- Westhoff, Patrick, The Economics of Food: How Feeding and Fueling the Planet Affects Food Prices. Peason Education, FT Press, 2010, p. 97.
- ActionAid, “Fueling the Food Crisis: The Cost to Developing Countries of US Corn Ethanol Expansion.” Tufts University, October 2012, p. 6. www.ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/ActionAid_Fueling_Food_Crisis.pdf
- Cassidy, Emily et al, “Redefining Agricultural Yields: From Tonnes to People Nourished Per Hectare.” Environmental Research Letters, V. 8(3). IOPScience, September 2013, p. 2-3. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/3/034015
- The range of 6-16:1 represents commonly cited beef FCRs. Some meat industries report smaller ratios. Others, like researcher Vaclav Smil, report higher ratios. See also, “Creating a Sustainable Food Future,” p. 4 for extremely high inefficiency ratios based on new calculation methods. www.wri.org/sites/default/files/WRI13_Report_4c_WRR_online.pdf
- Rueter, Ryan, “Supplement Conversion Ratio.” Beef Magazine, November 3, 2009. www.beefmagazine.com/nutrition/1104-supplement-conversion-ratio
- Yacoubou, Jeanne, “Factors Involved in Calculating Grain:Meat Conversion Ratios.” Vegetarian Resource Group, accessed 2014. www.vrg.org/environment/grain_meat_conversion_ratios.php
- Ibid.
- Ibid.
- Searchinger, Tim et al, “Creating a Sustainable Food Future: A menu of solutions to sustainably feed more than 9 billion people by 2050.” World Resources Institute, United Nations, and World Bank, December 2013, p. 4. www.wri.org/sites/default/files/WRI13_Report_4c_WRR_online.pdf
- Cassidy, Emily et al, “Redefining Agricultural Yields: From Tonnes to People Nourished Per Hectare.” Environmental Research Letters, V. 8(3). IOPScience, September 2013, p. 2-3. http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/8/3/034015
- Lappé, Frances Moore et al, “How We Count Hunger Matters.” Ethics & International Affairs, Cambridge University Press, July 9, 2013, p. 5. www.ethicsandinternationalaffairs.org/2013/how-we-count-hunger-matters, interpreting FAOSTAT, “Food Balance Sheets” (Entry: World+2009), www.faostat.fao.org/site/354/default.aspx
- WebMD, “Calories Chart,” accessed 2014. www.webmd.com/diet/calories-chart
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, “The State of Food Insecurity 2012: Economic growth is necessary but not sufficient to accelerate reduction of hunger and malnutrition.” 2012, p. 46. www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3027e/i3027e.pdf
- Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, “Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources.” 2013, p. 8. www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf
- Xie, J. et al, “Social Consensus Through the Influence of Committed Minorities.” Physical Review E, V. 84(1), July 2011. http://pre.aps.org/abstract/PRE/v84/i1/e011130